HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES : NCERT

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Lucas Reagent mechanism ZnCl2 lewis acid Thionyl chloride purity of R-Cl Reaction of ROH with PCl5 vs PX3 Markovnikov's rule carbocation stability Anti-Markovnikov peroxide effect HBr mechanism Free radical halogenation of alkanes initiation propagation termination SN2 mechanism Walden Inversion umbrella effect Transition state geometry SN2 Backside attack nucleophile 180 degrees Steric hindrance order methyl 1 2 3 degree SN1 mechanism carbocation intermediate stability Racemisation process 50 retention 50 inversion Polar protic vs aprotic solvents nucleophilic substitution Nucleophilicity vs Basicity factors Effect of negative charge on nucleophile strength Solvation capacity protic vs aprotic solvents Saytzeff Rule dehydrohalogenation alkene product Beta-elimination reaction mechanism Alcoholic KOH vs Aqueous KOH behavior Elimination vs Substitution competition factors Effect of base size on reaction pathway Substrate nature 1 2 3 degree preference.Boiling point trend RI RBr RCl RF Solubility of haloalkanes in water and organic solvents Melting point and density of para vs ortho haloarenes. Chiral vs Achiral molecules superimposable mirror images Optical activity d-form l-form dextrorotatory laevorotatory Enantiomers vs Diastereomers flowchart Asymmetric carbon and stereo center Low reactivity of haloarenes resonance effect C-Cl bond partial double bond character Effect of EWG like NO2 on haloarene reactivity at ortho/para Halogenation Nitration Sulphonation of chlorobenzene Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation major minor products Grignard reagent preparation RMgX dry ether Wurtz reaction mechanism Wurtz-Fittig and Fittig reaction examples Methylene chloride uses and health effects Chloroform CHCl3 oxidation to Phosgene Iodoform CHI3 antiseptic properties Carbon tetrachloride environmental impact Freons CFCs and ozone layer depletion DDT structure and stability in environment